rus
Issue #4/2016
Dr. S. Jakschik, S.Blei
Laser Fumes in Femtosecond Laser Processes – Product, Process and Environment Considerations
Laser Fumes in Femtosecond Laser Processes – Product, Process and Environment Considerations
The laser processing ultrashort pulses are used for advanced technologies of making of high-melting glasses, structuring of thin films for photovoltaic and electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. The understanding the nature of the arising laser fumes is major factor in predicting of product quality, safety of personnel and industrial equipment life.
Теги: extraction and filtration system femtosecond laser laser fumes safety of personnel ultra-fast laser безопасность труда лазерный смог лазеры с ультракороткими импульсами системы вытяжки и фильтрации фемтосекундные лазеры
INTRODUCTION
Advanced laser processes find increased utilisation in production processes. The later fosters an in depth understanding of laser fumes, which are a major factor of product quality, machine life and environmental/safety and health considerations. Short pulse laser processes are focused on non-melting preparations. On this basis, exciting new applications arise. Starting from hard-glass manufacturing, over thin film photovoltaic patterning to Lithium Ion Battery electrode structuring virtually every advanced technology relies on ultra-short pulse laser processes [1–6].
EXPERIMENT
The presented study was performed on a femto second laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm [3]. Correlations between type of ablated material, particle size distribution as well as particle concentration have been investigated. Especially, the difference in particle size between steel and plastic has been evaluated.
The aerosol resulting from laser material processing was captured close to the source and sucked towards a filter system. Particle size distribution was determined continuously using an Engine Exhaust Particle Size (EEPS) which measures particles sizes in the range from 5.6 to 560 nm. For this purpose a sample was analysed by the instrument. Particles within the sample are positively charged and move within an electric field towards electrometers where their charge is transferred. The charge is a measure of particle-surface-area. According to their electrical mobility particles reach different electrometers. Based on current flows particle size distributions are calculated. In addition sample where taken from the filter and investigated by Secondary Electron Microscopy (SEM) for analysing the shape of the particles.
The raw gas was filtered using the filtration system LAS-260, a storage filter with F9 pleat pre-filtration. This pre filter consists of high surface area with a well-defined cross flow to ensure long filter life. A secondary particle filter with the HEPA class H14 ensured cleaning capability to 0.005% of total particle count. Further down the gas stream activated carbon was located to remove eventual reminders of hazardous gases from the laser process.
Additionally, the performance of the filter system LAS-260 was determined. For this, the laser was kept in stationary conditions and the particle concentrations in raw gas and purified gas were measured using the EEPS-method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The figures 2–5 illustrate the particle shape, as seen in SEM investigations. As expected the majority of these particles is none melted. Though, a small amount of the metal debris proved to be hemispherical, which is a sign for sufficient thermal energy to melt this material. In any case the size of these particles is very small, in the range of d=100…200 nm.
In contrast to the metal process the plastic debris seemed to be initially smaller, though it formed small agglomerated plates on the filter. The particle shape is mostly cubic. Forming plates can be caused by thermal energy during the agglomeration phase on the filter.
Based on these findings filter technology has to be revised. Starting from extraction; the high kinetic energy of these particles has to be taken into account. Small particles are faster due to kinetic impact. The basic rule of extracting the fumes close to the source needs to be extended to another extraction point further up for capturing the small particles in the nm range as well.
As the size of these particles is mainly in the range of nm they can enter the lung-blood barrier, causing high risks on health. Therefore standard filter technique is in many cases not suitable for air cleaning. Figure 6 depicts the basic principle of particle filtration as used in LAS-260. As demonstrated the majority of the particles are kept in the F9 filter, ensuring low maintenance cost for the operator.
Figure 7 depicts the measurement results of EEPS during the plastic process. The statistic maximum of plastic particles was at d=90 nm with a concentration of 3...4 · 105 particles per cubic centimetre. This value is well above acceptable concentrations for high product quality and operator health. By employing the filter sandwich of LAS-260 the clean gas was on the same level as the background signal of the lab with dN <<102 particle /cmі. Hence, a high quality operation in terms of laser fume is possible.
SUMMARY
Ultra-fast laser processes, especially in the femto second range have been investigated in terms of particle distribution during the operation. Particle size is found to be in the range of d=50…200 nm in significantly high concentrations of up to 106 particle/cmі. By using the new LAS-260 with pleat filtration and HEPA post filtration a fractional deposition is the filter of >> 99% was demonstrated. For non-cancerous and mutagenic materials the filtered air can be re-circulated in the working environment for saving energy cost.
* * *
The authors like to thank the Fraunhofer IWS in Dresden for supplying the laser time and the German Ministry of Education and Science for founding part of this work in the project MWT.
Advanced laser processes find increased utilisation in production processes. The later fosters an in depth understanding of laser fumes, which are a major factor of product quality, machine life and environmental/safety and health considerations. Short pulse laser processes are focused on non-melting preparations. On this basis, exciting new applications arise. Starting from hard-glass manufacturing, over thin film photovoltaic patterning to Lithium Ion Battery electrode structuring virtually every advanced technology relies on ultra-short pulse laser processes [1–6].
EXPERIMENT
The presented study was performed on a femto second laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm [3]. Correlations between type of ablated material, particle size distribution as well as particle concentration have been investigated. Especially, the difference in particle size between steel and plastic has been evaluated.
The aerosol resulting from laser material processing was captured close to the source and sucked towards a filter system. Particle size distribution was determined continuously using an Engine Exhaust Particle Size (EEPS) which measures particles sizes in the range from 5.6 to 560 nm. For this purpose a sample was analysed by the instrument. Particles within the sample are positively charged and move within an electric field towards electrometers where their charge is transferred. The charge is a measure of particle-surface-area. According to their electrical mobility particles reach different electrometers. Based on current flows particle size distributions are calculated. In addition sample where taken from the filter and investigated by Secondary Electron Microscopy (SEM) for analysing the shape of the particles.
The raw gas was filtered using the filtration system LAS-260, a storage filter with F9 pleat pre-filtration. This pre filter consists of high surface area with a well-defined cross flow to ensure long filter life. A secondary particle filter with the HEPA class H14 ensured cleaning capability to 0.005% of total particle count. Further down the gas stream activated carbon was located to remove eventual reminders of hazardous gases from the laser process.
Additionally, the performance of the filter system LAS-260 was determined. For this, the laser was kept in stationary conditions and the particle concentrations in raw gas and purified gas were measured using the EEPS-method.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The figures 2–5 illustrate the particle shape, as seen in SEM investigations. As expected the majority of these particles is none melted. Though, a small amount of the metal debris proved to be hemispherical, which is a sign for sufficient thermal energy to melt this material. In any case the size of these particles is very small, in the range of d=100…200 nm.
In contrast to the metal process the plastic debris seemed to be initially smaller, though it formed small agglomerated plates on the filter. The particle shape is mostly cubic. Forming plates can be caused by thermal energy during the agglomeration phase on the filter.
Based on these findings filter technology has to be revised. Starting from extraction; the high kinetic energy of these particles has to be taken into account. Small particles are faster due to kinetic impact. The basic rule of extracting the fumes close to the source needs to be extended to another extraction point further up for capturing the small particles in the nm range as well.
As the size of these particles is mainly in the range of nm they can enter the lung-blood barrier, causing high risks on health. Therefore standard filter technique is in many cases not suitable for air cleaning. Figure 6 depicts the basic principle of particle filtration as used in LAS-260. As demonstrated the majority of the particles are kept in the F9 filter, ensuring low maintenance cost for the operator.
Figure 7 depicts the measurement results of EEPS during the plastic process. The statistic maximum of plastic particles was at d=90 nm with a concentration of 3...4 · 105 particles per cubic centimetre. This value is well above acceptable concentrations for high product quality and operator health. By employing the filter sandwich of LAS-260 the clean gas was on the same level as the background signal of the lab with dN <<102 particle /cmі. Hence, a high quality operation in terms of laser fume is possible.
SUMMARY
Ultra-fast laser processes, especially in the femto second range have been investigated in terms of particle distribution during the operation. Particle size is found to be in the range of d=50…200 nm in significantly high concentrations of up to 106 particle/cmі. By using the new LAS-260 with pleat filtration and HEPA post filtration a fractional deposition is the filter of >> 99% was demonstrated. For non-cancerous and mutagenic materials the filtered air can be re-circulated in the working environment for saving energy cost.
* * *
The authors like to thank the Fraunhofer IWS in Dresden for supplying the laser time and the German Ministry of Education and Science for founding part of this work in the project MWT.
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